How to characterize the dimension of a manifold using homology?

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This might be a trivial question but I'm a physicist, not a mathematician. For me, the n dimensional euclidean space is n dimensional as a vector space. I have heard however that there more intrinsic characterization of the number of dimensions (of vector space or manifolds) using homology? I'm looking at least for some keywords so that I can dig the web. Thank you!