In the book Mathematical Olympiad Problems, Titu Andreescu gives the following problem (roughly paraphrased):
Show that if $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ is periodic and $\{ f(n) | n \in \mathbb{N}\}$ is infinite, then the period of $f$ is irrational.
The proof is easy: if $f$ has period $p/q$ with $p, q \in \mathbb{N}$, then $f(n)$ is determined by $n \bmod p$ and $| \{f(n) | n \in \mathbb{N} \}| \leq p$. The converse, though, is more interesting. Given a function $f$ with irrational period $\alpha$ that satisfies certain other conditions, must $\{ f(n) | n \in \mathbb{N}\}$ be infinite? The conditions include, of course, that $f$ take an infinite number of values on $\mathbb{R}$, but even that allows counterexamples like $$f(x) = \begin{cases} 0 & (\exists k \in \mathbb{Z}) (x + \alpha k \in \mathbb{Z}) \\ \sin (2\pi x/\alpha) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$ so I think it would be an interesting to look only at continuous (and of course nonconstant) functions $f$.
Conjecture 1: If $f$ is continuous, nonconstant, and has irrational period $\alpha$, then $|\{f(n) | n \in \mathbb{N}\}| = \infty$.
This would be implied by the following conjecture:
Conjecture 2: Any continuous nonconstant function $f: S^1 \to \mathbb{R}$, where $S^1$ is the circle, takes an infinite number of values on any countable dense subset of $S^1$.
This latter conjecture seems intuitively obvious, but I'm not sure how to go about proving it; are there Weierstrass-like pathological counterexamples? How many more conditions would be required on $f$ for either conjecture to hold?