Can I make the following assumption about symmetric relations?

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If $R$ is a symmetric relation then:

$$(x,y) \not \in R \rightarrow (y,x) \not \in R$$

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Yes; the statements are equivalent.

Symmetry is the property that: $\forall x, y: \big((y,x)\in R\to (x,y)\in R\big)$

The contraposition of this is: $\forall x, y:\big( (x,y)\notin R\to (y,x)\notin R\big)$