Can one recover an algebraically closed field $k$ from its category of finitely generated $k$-algebras?

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More generally, given just the dots and arrows of a category (no taking sections!) and the information that for some unknown ring $R$ the category is the category of

  • Classical varieties over $R$
  • Affine schemes over $R$
  • Schemes over $R$
  • etc.

in what cases is there a unique ring $R$ (up to isomorphism) which produces my category (up to equivalence)?