Let $x$ be a random vector uniformly distributed on the unit sphere $\mathbb{S}^{n-1}$. Let $V$ be a linear subspace of $\mathbb{R}^n$ of dimension $k$ and let $P_V(x)$ be the orthogonal projection of $x$ onto $V$. I have seen quoted in the literature that \begin{align} \mathbb{P}[|\left\| P_V(x)\right\|_2 - \sqrt{k/n} | \le \epsilon] \ge 1 -2\exp(-n\epsilon^2/2). \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (1) \end{align} However, i can still not find a concrete proof. What i do understand is that for a $1$-Lipschitz function $f:\mathbb{S}^{n-1} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such as $x \mapsto |\left\| P_V(x)\right\|_2$, we have that \begin{align} \mathbb{P}[|f - M_f | \le \epsilon] \ge 1 -2\exp(-n\epsilon^2/2), \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (2) \end{align} where $M_f$ is the median of $f$. (2) mostly follows from the isoperimetric inequality on the sphere. The issue though with (1) is that $\sqrt{k/n}$ does not seem to be the median of $x \mapsto |\left\| P_V(x)\right\|_2$. Is anyone able to provide a clean argument for (1) or a self-contained reference in the literature? Many thanks.
2026-02-23 01:22:14.1771809734
Concentration of norm of projection onto a subspace
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