difference between equivalent matrices and similar matrices.

Question

We say that $A$ and $B$ are equivalent if there are $P$ and $Q$ invertible s.t. $$A=PFQ^{-1}.$$

We say that they are similar if there is $P$ invertible s.t. $$A=PBP^{-1}.$$

In wikipedia, they say that two matrix are equivalent if the represent the same linear application $f:V\to W$ for two couple of different bases whereas, they are similar if they represent the same linear application compared to two chosen basis.

---

Q1) I don't really understand the subtlety. Could someone explain with an example ?

Q2) By the where, is there are criterion to show that to matrices are similar ? For equivalent it's enough to prove that they have same rank. But how would I do for similar ?

Answer 1

• Two matrices $A$ and $B$ are equivalent if there are two bases $\mathcal B,\mathcal B'$ of $V$ and two basis $\mathcal F,\mathcal F'$ of $W$ and a linear application $f:V\longrightarrow W$ s.t. $$(f)_{\mathcal F\mathcal B}=A\quad \text{and}\quad (f)_{\mathcal F'\mathcal B'}=B.$$

• Two matrices $A$ and $B$ are similar if there are two basis $\mathcal B,\mathcal B'$ of $V$ an endomorhism $f:V\longrightarrow V$ s.t. $$A=(f)_{\mathcal B\mathcal B}\quad \text{and}\quad B=(f)_{\mathcal B'\mathcal B'}.$$

For example, if we are in $\mathbb R^3$, a rotation of angle $\theta$ around the axis $Ox$ and a rotation of angle $\theta $ around the axis $Oy$ are similar. Now, a rotation and a Homothetie are equivalents but of course not similar.

Answer 2

Equivalence of matrices: If you have a linear map $f\colon V\to W$ with transformation matrix $A\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times n}$, you can always choose basis $\mathcal{B}$ and $\mathcal{C}$ of $V$ and $W$, respectively, such that the transformation matrix $F$ of $f$ for this choice has only entries on the diagonal, and all entries are $0$ or $1$. You first choose a basis $b_1,\ldots,b_l$ of the kernel of $f$ and then expand it to a basis $b_1,\ldots,b_n$ of $V$. Take the images of the vectors $b_{l+1},\ldots,b_n$, they are linearly independent in $W$. If you expand them to a basis $c_1,\ldots,c_m$ of $W$, you get the transformation matrix $F$. This matrix $F$ is nothing else then the reduced row echelon of $A$. You obtain $F$ from $A$ via $A=PFQ^{-1}$, where $P$ and $Q$ are the change of basis coming from $\mathcal{B}$ and $\mathcal{C}$. In fact, multiplying invertible matrices from the left and right is nothing else than a gaussian elimination, since you can write the matrices as a product of elementary matrices, which correspond to primitve elimination steps. Since the shape of $F$ only depends on the size of the kernel/rank, this is the only thing you have to check.

Similarity of matrices: From the definition alone, you can see that $A$ and $B$ have to be square-matrices now. So it's sensible to think about $A$ as corresponding to an endomorphism $f\colon V\to V$. Multiplying the same matrix on the left and right means that you do the same change of basis, once in the one direction, once in the other. So we are only choosing one basis for both sides. This restricts our freedom of action, but also preserves more properties of the matrix $A$. Where the transformations above only preserved $\text{rank}(A)$, now we get $\det(A)=\det(B)$, $\text{trace}(A)=\text{trace}(B)$ and the Eigenvalues of $A$ and $B$ coincide. To check whether two matrices are similar, you can calculate their respective Jordan normal form. Every square matrix is similar to its Jordan normal form and the JNF is unique. So if two matrices are similar, they have to have the same JNF.

Example: Let's look at the linear endomorphism $f\colon \mathcal{P}_2 \to \mathcal{P}_2, p(X) \mapsto p(X)+p(X+1)$, mapping polynomials with real coefficients of degree $\leq 2$. If we look at the monomial basis of $\mathcal{P}_2$ which is $\mathcal{M}=\{\,1,X,X^2\,\}$, we obtain the transformation matrix $$A=M_\mathcal{M}^\mathcal{M}(f) = \begin{pmatrix}2&1&1\\0&2&2\\0&0&2\end{pmatrix}$$ Let's find another basis such that the transformation matrix is the echelon form. We set $\mathcal{C}=\{\,2,2X+1, 2X^2+2X+1\,\}$. This is obviously a basis of $\mathcal{P}_2$, so we can look at the corresponding transformation matrix: $$F=M_\mathcal{C}^\mathcal{B}(f) = \begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}$$ $F$ and $A$ are equivalent. Take $$Q=I_3\text{ (the identity matrix), } \qquad P=\frac{1}{4}\begin{pmatrix}2&-1&0\\0&2&-2\\0&0&2\end{pmatrix} \text{ (which is }A^{-1}\text{)}$$

Now set $\mathcal{B}=\{\, 2,2X+1,X^2 \,\}$. We obtain the corresponding transformation matrix: $$B=M_\mathcal{B}^{\mathcal B}(f) = \begin{pmatrix}2&1&0\\0&2&1\\0&0&2\end{pmatrix}$$ which is the Jordan normal form of $A$ (or $f$). $B$ and $A$ are equivalent (both have rank $3$) and similar. But $F$ and $A$ are not similar ($A$ has $\text{trace}(A)=6$, where $\text{trace}(F)=3$).