I am referring to article no $3.50$, from Principles of Mathematical Analysis by Walter Rudin. The theorem is
Let $\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n=A$ and $\sum_{n=0}^\infty b_n=B$ be two convergent series. Their product is defined by $ c_n =\sum_{k=0}^n a_nb_{n-k}$. Then the series $\sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n$ converges to $AB$ if atleast one of the two series converges absolutely.
My approach:
$c_0=a_0b_0$ , $c_1=a_0b_1+a_1b_0$, $c_2=a_0b_2+a_1b_1+a_2b_0$ and so on...
$$\sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n= c_0+c_1+c_2+c_3+...$$ $$=a_0b_0+(a_0b_1+a_1b_0)+(a_0b_2+a_1b_1+a_2b_0)+(a_0b_3+a_1b_2+a_2b_1+a_3b_0)+...$$ $$=a_0(b_0+b_1+b_2+b_3+...)+a_1(b_0+b_1+b_2+b_3+...)+a_2(b_0+b_1+b_2+b_3+...)+...$$ $=a_0B+a_1B+a_2B+...=B(a_0+a_1+a_2+...)=AB$
There must be some flaw in my work as I need not to assume that at least one of them is absolutely convergent, please correct me where I went wrong. Thank you.
You have to be more careful with your rearrangements because rearranging terms in infinite series like this is not always valid. When in doubt, I always like to use switching the order of summations since there is a specific theorem that allows for that. However, in order to use this theorem, you first have to prove that the infinite sum of the series $d_n=\sum_{i=0}^n |a_ib_{n-i}|$ converges, which is where you would need to use the hypothesis that either $a_n$ or $b_n$ is absolutely convergent.
Anyway, the sum we are trying to find is the following: $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{i=0}^n a_ib_{n-i}$$
The second sum goes from $i=0$ to $n$, so $i \leq n$ at all times. However, another way to look at this is that $n \geq i$ at all times, so we can switch the order of summation and say that $n$ goes from $i$ to $\infty$.
$$\sum_{i=0}^\infty \sum_{n=i}^\infty a_ib_{n-i}$$
Luckily, we can factor out $a_i$ from the second summation since it has nothing to do with $n$:
$$\sum_{i=0}^\infty \left[a_i\sum_{n=i}^\infty b_{n-i}\right]$$
Now, we can change the index of the second summation by saying $z=n-i$, so it goes from $z=0$ to $\infty$ instead:
$$\sum_{i=0}^\infty \left[a_i\sum_{z=0}^\infty b_z\right]$$
Now, we can factor the second summation out from the first since it has nothing to do with $i$:
$$\left[\sum_{z=0}^\infty b_z\right]\left[\sum_{i=0}^\infty a_i\right]=BA$$
Hopefully, this gives you a better understanding of how to formally rearrange terms in infinite series using rearrangements and distributive property. The idea behind what I did is exactly the same as what you did with $a_0B+a_1B+...$, but this process is more formal and mathematically valid.