My assumptions to your question:
$f:\Bbb R \rightarrow \Bbb R$ is a injective function (otherwise $f^{-1}(x) $ would be ill-posed). $x,u,v \in \Bbb R$.
So let $x= f(v+u)$.
Then $f^{-1}$ is a function on $f(\Bbb R)$ and
$$f^{-1}(x) = f^{-1}(f(v+u)) = v + u \\ \Leftrightarrow f^{-1}(x)-u =v $$
My assumptions to your question: $f:\Bbb R \rightarrow \Bbb R$ is a injective function (otherwise $f^{-1}(x) $ would be ill-posed). $x,u,v \in \Bbb R$.
So let $x= f(v+u)$. Then $f^{-1}$ is a function on $f(\Bbb R)$ and $$f^{-1}(x) = f^{-1}(f(v+u)) = v + u \\ \Leftrightarrow f^{-1}(x)-u =v $$