Find all solutions for $x$ mod $777$

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Solve $123x \equiv 321\pmod{777}$

$\gcd(123,777) = 3$ so solution exists. Then $123x = 321 + 777k$.

$$41x = 107 + 259k\implies 41x \equiv 107\pmod{259} $$

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You need to solve the Diophantine equation $$41x+259k=107$$ Note that I have made the sign positive to make the calculations easier. This is allowed as $k$ is an integer.

Now use the Euclidean Algorithm:

$$259=6\cdot41+13\\41=3\cdot13+2\\13=6\cdot2+1$$ and you can work back to solve for $x$ and $k$.