Finding $\int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\tan x}{1+m^2\tan^2{x}} \mathrm{d}x$

Question

How do we prove that $$I(m)=\int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\tan x}{1+m^2\tan^2{x}} \mathrm{d}x=\frac{\log{m}}{m^2-1}$$

I see that $$I(m)=\frac{\partial}{\partial m} \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \arctan({m\tan x}) \ \mathrm{d}x$$

But I don't see how to use this fact. Can we? Please help me out, and if possible please post a solution using differentiation under the integral sign.

Answer 1

Assume $m\gt0$ (since the integral is even in $m$) and substitute $t=\tan(x)$ and $u=t^2$: $$ \begin{align} \int_0^{\pi/2}\frac{\tan(x)}{1+m^2\tan^2(x)}\mathrm{d}x &=\int_0^\infty\frac{t}{1+m^2t^2}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{1+t^2}\\ &=\frac12\int_0^\infty\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{(1+m^2u)(1+u)}\\ &=\frac1{2(m^2-1)}\lim_{L\to\infty}\int_0^L\left(\frac{m^2}{1+m^2u}-\frac1{1+u}\right)\mathrm{d}u\\ &=\frac1{2(m^2-1)}\lim_{L\to\infty}\left[\int_0^{m^2L}\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{1+u}-\int_0^L\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{1+u}\right]\\ &=\frac1{2(m^2-1)}\lim_{L\to\infty}\int_L^{m^2L}\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{1+u}\\ &=\frac1{2(m^2-1)}\lim_{L\to\infty}\log\left(\frac{1+m^2L}{1+L}\right)\\ &=\frac{\log(m)}{m^2-1} \end{align} $$

Answer 2

Using my hint from the comment above ($x=\arctan(y)$) and assuming that $m$ is real and finite gives us \begin{align} I(m)=\int_0^{b}\frac{dy}{1+y^2}\frac{y}{1+y^2m^2}\ \end{align}

Where $b=\lim_{y\to\pi/2}\tan(y)$ this limit has to be taken with some care because it diverges. Calculating the above Integral by standard methods (partial fractions works)gives us \begin{align} I(m)=\frac{1}{2}\dfrac{\log\left(\dfrac{1}{1+b^2}+\dfrac{m^2 b^2}{1+b^2}\right)}{m^2-1} \end{align}

Choosing the correct branch of $\tan(y)$ (so that our range of integration is continous) we get $b=+\infty$. This leads to

\begin{align} I(m)=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\log(m^2)}{m^2-1}=\frac{\log(m)}{m^2-1} \end{align}

Maybe one should add that $\lim_{m\to 1}I(m)=1/2$ and therefore is well defined.This can be seen by for example by Taylor expansion of $\log$ around $1$.

Answer 3

$\def\artanh{{\rm{artanh}}\;}$Denote the evaluated integral as $I$ and rewrite it as follows \begin{align} I&=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{\Large\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{\sin2x}{\cos^2x+m^2\sin^2x}\,dx\\ &=\int_0^{\Large\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{\sin2x}{m^2+1-(m^2-1)\cos2x}\,dx\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{\large\pi}\frac{\sin x}{m^2+1-(m^2-1)\cos x}\,dx\\ \end{align}

where we use trigonometric identity $\sin^2\theta=\dfrac{1-\cos2\theta}{2}$ and $\cos^2\theta=\dfrac{1+\cos2\theta}{2}$ and map $2x\mapsto x$. Now, using identity (proof can be seen here) \begin{equation} 1+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\frac{b}{a}\right)^n\cos(n x)=\frac{a^2-b^2}{a^2+b^2-2ab\cos x}\qquad,\qquad\mbox{for}\, |b|<a \end{equation} and the correspondence values $a=\dfrac{m+1}{\sqrt{2}}$ and $b=\dfrac{m-1}{\sqrt{2}}$, one may find \begin{align} I&=\frac{1}{4m}\int_0^{\large\pi}\left[\sin x+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)^n\cos(nx)\sin x\right]\,dx\\ &=\frac{1}{2m}+\frac{1}{2m}\sum_{n=2}^\infty \left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)^n\int_0^{\large\pi}\cos(nx)\sin x\,dx\\ &=\frac{1}{2m}-\frac{1}{2m}\sum_{n=2}^\infty \left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)^n\frac{\cos(n\pi)+1}{n^2-1}\\ &=\frac{1}{2m}-\frac{1}{m}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)^{2n}\frac{1}{4n^2-1}\\ &=\frac{1}{2m}-\frac{1}{2m}\left[1+\left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)\artanh\left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)-\left(\frac{m+1}{m-1}\right)\artanh\left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)\right]\\ &=\frac{2}{m^2-1}\artanh\left(\frac{m-1}{m+1}\right)\\ &=\frac{\ln m}{m^2-1}\qquad\qquad\square \end{align} For the last step evaluation, we use Taylor series for $\artanh$function \begin{equation} \artanh x=\sum_{n=0}\frac{x^{2n+1}}{2n+1}\qquad,\qquad\mbox{for}\,\, |x|<1 \end{equation} and identity \begin{equation} \artanh x=\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)\qquad,\qquad\mbox{for}\,\, |x|<1 \end{equation}

Answer 4

$\newcommand{\angles}[1]{\left\langle\, #1 \,\right\rangle} \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\, #1 \,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\, #1 \,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\,\left\lceil\, #1 \,\right\rceil\,} \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}} \newcommand{\floor}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,} \newcommand{\half}{{1 \over 2}} \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}} \newcommand{\iff}{\Longleftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\, #1 \,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}} \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\vphantom{\large A}\,#2\,}\,} \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}} \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\ul}[1]{\underline{#1}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\, #1 \,\right\vert}$ $\ds{{\rm I}\pars{m}\equiv\int_{0}^{\pi/2} {\tan\pars{x} \over 1 + m^{2}\tan^{2}\pars{x}}\,\dd x = {\ln\pars{\verts{m}} \over m^{2} - 1}:\ {\large ?}}$.

\begin{align} {\rm I}\pars{m}& =\color{#66f}{\large\int_{0}^{\pi/2}{\sin\pars{x}\cos\pars{x}\over \cos^{2}\pars{x} + m^{2}\sin^{2}\pars{x}}\,\dd x} \\[5mm]&=\half\int_{0}^{\pi/2}{\sin\pars{2x}\over \bracks{1 + \cos\pars{2x}}/2 + m^{2}\bracks{1 - \cos\pars{2x}}/2}\,\dd x \\[5mm]&=\int_{0}^{\pi/2}{\sin\pars{2x}\over 1 + m^{2} + \pars{1 - m^{2}}\cos\pars{2x}}\,\dd x \\[5mm]&=\left.{\ln\pars{1 + m^{2} + \bracks{1 - m^{2}}\cos\pars{2x}}\over -2\pars{1 - m^{2}}} \right\vert_{\, x\ =\ 0}^{\, x\ =\ \pi/2} \\[5mm]&={\ln\pars{2m^{2}} - \ln\pars{2}\over 2\pars{m^{2} - 1}} =\color{#66f}{\large{\ln\pars{\verts{m}} \over m^{2} - 1}} \end{align}

Answer 5

Letting $u=\cos x$ changes the integral into an integral of rational function as:$$ I=\int_0^1 \frac{ud u}{m^2+\left(1-m^2\right) u^2}=\frac{1}{2\left(1-m^2\right)} \ln \left[\left|m^2+\left(1-m^2\right) u^2\right|\right]_0^1= \frac{\ln |m|}{m^2-1}, $$