From $||(f_1+f_2)x|| \leq ||f_1|| + ||f_2||\ \forall x \text{ such that } ||x||\leq 1$, how does $||f_1+f_2|| \leq ||f_1|| + ||f_2||$ follow?

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Also from the wiki article on the dual of a norm (sorry for the second question about this in such a short amount of time):

$X$ and $Y$ are normed spaces, and we associate with each $f\in L(X,Y)$ (the space of bounded linear operators from $X$ to $Y$) the number $$||f|| = \text{sup}\{|f(x)|:x\in X, ||x|| \leq 1\}.$$

At some point, they conclude that $$||(f_1+f_2)x|| \leq ||f_1|| + ||f_2||\ \forall x \text{ such that } ||x||\leq 1$$ and say that this implies $$||f_1+f_2|| \leq ||f_1|| + ||f_2||.$$

How does that follow?

I can see how, for any $x$,

\begin{align}||(f_1+f_2)x|| &= ||\big((f_1+f_2)\frac{x}{||x||}||x||\big)|| \\ &=||\big((f_1+f_2)\frac{x}{||x||}\big)||\cdot ||x|| \\ &\leq (||f_1|| + ||f_2||)\cdot ||x|| \end{align}

but don't see how that helps.

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I take it that you want to confirm that the operator norm is indeed a norm, and in particular that the triangle inequality is satisfied. Following the approach of Kreyzwig, let's show that $$\|T\|=\underbrace{\sup \|Tx\|}_{\|x\|=1, x \neq 0}.$$

Well, this is not so bad, let $\|x\|=a$, and then let $y=\frac{1}{a}x$ for $x \neq 0$. Then $\|y\|=1$, and by linearity, we obtain:

$$\|T\|=\sup\frac{1}{a}\|Tx\|=\sup\|T(\frac{1}{a}x)\|=\sup\|Ty\|$$ where $\|y\|=1$. From this point of view, the result should seem a little more obvious, since we are taking a supremum over the values of functions applied to vectors of unit length. We get that

$$\sup_{\|x\|=1}\|(T_1+T_2)x\|=\sup_{\|x\|=1}\|T_1x+T_2x\| \leq \sup_{\|x\|=1}\|T_1x\|+\sup_{\|x\|=1} \|+T_2x\|.$$

The last inequality follows from basic properties of the supremum.

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If you have $$ \|(f_1+f_2)x\|\le \|f_1\| + \|f_2\| $$ for all $x$ with $\|x\|\le 1$, then you can take the supremum over all such $x$ on the left-hand side to conclude $$ \|f_1+f_2\| = \sup_{x:\ \|x\|\le 1}\|(f_1+f_2)x\|\le \|f_1\| + \|f_2\|. $$

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So you have shown that for $C=\|f_1\|+\|f_2\|$,

$$ \|(f_1+f_2)(x)\|\leq C\|x\|, \ \ \ \forall x\in X.$$

This implies that the functional $f_1+f_2$ is bounded and that $\|f_1+f_2\|\leq C=\|f_1\|+\|f_2\|$.