Wikipedia states the following rules:
$(\forall x\phi )\land\psi$ is equivalent to $\forall x(\phi\land\psi )$ under (mild) condition ... that at least one individual exists),
$(\forall x\phi )\lor\psi$ is equivalent to $\forall x(\phi\lor\psi )$;and
$(\exists x\phi )\land\psi$ is equivalent to $\exists x(\phi\land\psi )$,
$(\exists x\phi )\lor\psi$ is equivalent to $\exists x(\phi\lor\psi )$ under the additional condition [that there is an individual].... $x$ does not appear as a free variable of $\psi$.
The logical axioms I’m concerned with are mentioned in Wolf’s A Tour Through Mathematical Logic, Appendix A A Deductive System for First-order Logic which Wolf claims to have taken from Enderton’s book. These are:
Logical axioms
The logical axioms are all generalisations of all formulas of the following types.
- All tautologies.
- Universal specification: $\forall xP(x)\rightarrow P(t)$, where $t$ is a term of the same sort as the variable $x$, $P(t)$ is the result of replacing all free occurrences of $x$ in $P(x)$ by $t$, and no free variable of $t$ becomes bound in $P(t)$.
- $\forall x(P\rightarrow Q)\rightarrow (\forall xP\rightarrow\forall xQ)$.
- $P\rightarrow\forall xP$, where $x$ does not occur free in $P$.
- Definition of $\exists$: $\exists P\leftrightarrow\neg\forall x\neg P$.
- $x=x$.
- Substitution of equals: $x=y\rightarrow [P(x)\leftrightarrow P(y)]$, where $P$ is atomic and $P(y)$ is the result of replacing one or more occurrences of $x$ in $P(x)$ by $y$.
Rule of inference
- Modus ponens: From two steps of the form $P$ and $P\rightarrow Q$, $Q$ may be concluded.
Question: How to deduce the above prenex rules from the above first-order logical deductive system?