I'm not really sure how to approach the problem, since I'm not really sure I understand the mechanisms why it is true aside from putting some numbers in and see that it works.
Qualitatively, I'd try a proof by contradiction, trying to show that $\gcd(a-bc, b) \neq \gcd(a,b)$ and use some prime attribute to contradict the assumption.
On
Hint Try proving that each term of your equality divides the other, i.e. $$\gcd(a-bc, b) | \gcd(a,b) \mbox{ and } \gcd(a,b) |\gcd(a-bc, b)$$
On
The common divisors of $a$ and $b$ are the common divisors of $a-bc$ and $b$ and vice versa , because if $d|b$ then $d|a$ if and only if $d|a-bc$.
This immediately proves the claim.
On
This follows directly from the "Division Algorithm". Note that if $$ a=\overbrace{q}^{quotient}b+\overbrace{r}^{remainder}, $$ where $0\leq r<b$, then $$ a-bc=\overbrace{(q-c)}^{quotient}b+\overbrace{r}^{remainder} $$ In other words, the remainder we get after dividing $a-bc$ by $b$ is the same as after dividing $a$ by $b$. Hence $$ \gcd(a-bc,b)=\gcd(a,b) $$
Let $d$ be a common divisor of $a-bc$ and $b$, then there exists integers $q_1$ and $q_2$ such that $a-bc=dq_2$ and $b=dq_1$. Hence $a-bc = a - (dq_1)c = dq_2$, thus $a=d(q_1c+q_2)$. It follows that $d$ is a common divisor of $a$ and $b$.
Conversely, suppose that $d$ is a common divisor of $a$ and $b$, you have to show that $d$ is a common divisor of $a-bc$ and $b$.