how to statistically infer a causal relationship between different variables and an outcome

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background

We are running an operation using the variables in the following table to result in an outcome under the ATC success rate % column:

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(note: this table is only a sample.. the number of permutations can be very large, ie (number of providers) * (number of machine categories) * (proxy providers) * (proxy subnets) * (websites), see here).

problem

The point of tabulating this data is to find a pattern amongst these variables, for example: the combination of P1 and MC1 and PP1 and PS1 and w1 yields the best result.. but the causal relationship isn't clear, ie what is the variable that's causing the best result? is it the proxy provider or the website?

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Question

How can this causal relationship be derived, mathematically speaking?