If $f\in BV(\mathbb{T})\cap C(\mathbb{T})$ does the Fourier series of $f$ converge uniformly to $f$?

191 Views Asked by At

Denote with $BV(\mathbb{T})$ the set of the functions of bounded variation defined on the 1-torus $\mathbb{T}$.

If $f\in BV(\mathbb{T})$, define $$f^°:\mathbb{T}\to\mathbb{C}, t\mapsto \frac{\lim_{s\to t^+}f(s)+\lim_{s\to t^-}f(s)}{2}.$$

If $f\in\ L^1(\mathbb{T})$, define: $$\hat{f}:\mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{C}, n\mapsto\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(t)e^{-int}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}$$

Then (see Duoandikoetxea - Fourier Analysis, Theorem 1.2): $$\forall f\in BV(\mathbb{T}), \forall t\in\mathbb{T}, \sum_{n=-N}^N\hat{f}(n)e^{int}\to f^°(t), N\to\infty.$$ Obviosly, we can't expect much more then pointwise convergence if $f\in BV(\mathbb{T})$ because uniform convergence would imply that $f\in C(\mathbb{T})$ while in general this is not the case. However, if $f\in BV(\mathbb{T})\cap C(\mathbb{T})$, then $f^°=f$, and so the question makes sense, i.e.

Is it true that if $f\in BV(\mathbb{T})\cap C(\mathbb{T})$ then $\sup_{t\in\mathbb{T}}|\sum_{n=-N}^N\hat{f}(n)e^{int}- f(t)|\to 0, N\to\infty?$

1

There are 1 best solutions below

0
On BEST ANSWER

Let's prove the theorem for real-valued functions.

First: notations and useful results

If $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is a $2\pi$-periodic function continuous from the right of bounded variation over a period, denote the Lebesgue-Stieltjes signed measure associated to $f$ with $\mu_f$, i.e. $\mu_f$ is the only signed measure such that $$\mu _f((a,b])=f(b)-f(a).$$ Also, define $V_f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ as a variation of $f$, i.e. $$|\mu_f|((a,b])=V_f(b)-V_f(a).$$ Recall that if $\varphi\in C_c^1(\mathbb{R})$ then it holds the follow integration by parts formula: $$\int_\mathbb{R}f(t)\varphi'(t)\operatorname{d}t=-\int_\mathbb{R}\varphi(t)\operatorname{d}\mu_f(t)$$ that leads to: $$\forall\varphi\in C^1(\mathbb{R}), \forall a\in\mathbb{R}, \forall b>a, \int_a^bf(t)\varphi'(t)\operatorname{d}t=f(b^+)\varphi(b)-f(a^-)\varphi(a)-\int_{[a,b]}\varphi(t)\operatorname{d}\mu_f(t).$$ In our case, $f$ is also continuous, so actually we also have that: $$\mu _f([a,b])=f(b)-f(a) \\ |\mu _f|([a,b])=V_f(b)-V_f(a)\\ \int_a^bf(t)\varphi'(t)\operatorname{d}t=f(b)\varphi(b)-f(a)\varphi(a)-\int_{[a,b]}\varphi(t)\operatorname{d}\mu_f(t).$$

Also, define $f_x(t):=f(x+t)-f(x)$ and notice that $\mu_{f_x}(A)=\mu_{f}(x+A)$, $|\mu_{f_x}|(A)=|\mu_{f}|(x+A)$ and $V_{f_x}(t)=V_f(x+t).$

Also, define $$\varphi_N(s):=\int_0^s \frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\operatorname{d}t$$ In the answer to this question it is proved that: $$\exists C>0, \forall s\in[-\pi,\pi], \forall N\in\mathbb{N}, |\varphi_N(s)|\le C.$$

Second: a reformulation of what we want to prove

We have that: $$\sum_{n=-N}^N \hat{f}(n)e^{inx}-f(x)=\int_{-\pi}^\pi(f(x+t)-f(x))\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi} = \int_{-\pi}^\pi f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi},$$ so we want to prove that: $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{-\pi}^\pi f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\to 0, N\to +\infty.$$

Now: If $\delta\in(0,\pi)$ we have that: $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{-\pi}^\pi f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\\ \le \sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{-\delta}^\delta f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right| + \sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]\backslash [-\delta,\delta]} f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|.$$ So it enough to prove that for all $\varepsilon>0$ there exists $\delta\in(0,\pi)$ such that: $$\forall N\in\mathbb{N}, \sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{-\delta}^\delta f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\le \frac{C}{\pi}\varepsilon$$ and: $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]\backslash [-\delta,\delta]} f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\to0, N\to+\infty.$$

Third: first integral estimate

Let's use the integration by parts formula: $$\left|\int_{-\delta}^\delta f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|=\left|\int_{-\delta}^\delta f_x(t) \varphi_N'(t)\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\\ = \frac{1}{2\pi}\left|-\int_{[-\delta,\delta]} \varphi_N(t)\operatorname{d}\mu_{f_x}(t)+f_x(\delta)\varphi_N(\delta)-f_x(-\delta)\varphi_N(-\delta)\right|\le \frac{C}{\pi} |\mu_{f_x}|([-\delta,\delta]) \\ = \frac{C}{\pi} |\mu_{f}|([x-\delta,x+\delta]) = \frac{C}{\pi} (V_f(x+\delta)-V_f(x+\delta)).$$ Now, being $f$ continuous, we have that $V_f$ is continuous and so uniformly continuous e.g. over the interval $[-2\pi,2\pi]$. So, if $\varepsilon>0$ and $\delta\in(0,\frac{\pi}{2})$ is such that for $|x-y|\le 2\delta$ we have that $|V_f(x)-V_f(y)|<\varepsilon$, then we have that: $$\forall x\in [-\pi,\pi], (V_f(x+\delta)-V_f(x+\delta)) <\varepsilon$$ and so: $$\forall N\in\mathbb{N}, \sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{-\delta}^\delta f_x(t)\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\le \frac{C}{\pi}\varepsilon$$

Fourth: second integral estimate

Since: $$\sin\left((N+\frac{1}{2})t\right)= \sin (Nt) \cos(\frac{t}{2})+\cos (Nt) \sin(\frac{t}{2}),$$ we have that: $$\frac{\sin((N+\frac{1}{2})t)}{\sin(\frac{t}{2})}=\frac{\sin(Nt)}{\tan(\frac{t}{2})}+\cos(Nt).$$ Now: $$\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} f_x(t) \cos(Nt) \operatorname{d}t = -\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N}) \cos(Nt) \operatorname{d}t,$$ so: $$\left|\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} f_x(t) \cos(Nt) \operatorname{d}t\right| = \left|\frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} (f_x(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})) \cos(Nt) \operatorname{d}t\right| = \left| \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} (f(t)-f(t-\frac{\pi}{N})) \cos(Nt) \operatorname{d}t\right|\le \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \left|(f(t)-f(t-\frac{\pi}{N}))\right| \operatorname{d}t\le \omega_{f,1}(\frac{\pi}{N}) $$ where $$\omega_{g,1}(\alpha)=\sup_{h\in[-\alpha,\alpha]}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} |g(t+h)-g(t)|\operatorname{d}t$$ and then: $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]\backslash [-\delta,\delta]} f_x(t)\cos(Nt)\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\le \sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]} f_x(t)\cos(Nt)\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right| \le \frac{1}{2\pi} \omega_{f,1}(\frac{\pi}{N})$$

So, since $f\in L^1([-\pi,\pi])$, we have that $$\omega_{f,1}(\frac{\pi}{N})\to 0, N\to+\infty$$ and then: $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]\backslash [-\delta,\delta]} f_x(t)\cos(Nt)\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\to 0, N\to+\infty.$$

So, it remains to prove that: $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]\backslash [-\delta,\delta]} f_x(t)\frac{\sin(Nt)}{\tan(\frac{t}{2})}\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\to 0, N\to+\infty.$$

Now, let $\psi$ be a continuous $2\pi$-function that coincides with $t\mapsto \frac{1}{\tan(\frac{t}{2})}$ on $[-\pi,\pi]\backslash[-\delta,\delta]$. Then, what we want to prove is equivalent to: $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]\backslash [-\delta,\delta]} f_x(t)\psi(t)\sin(Nt)\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\to 0, N\to+\infty.$$ With the same technique as before, we have that:

$$\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]} f_x(t)\psi(t)\sin(Nt){\operatorname{d}t}\right|\le \left|\frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} (f_x(t)\psi(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N}))\psi(t-\frac{\pi}{N})) \cos(Nt) \operatorname{d}t\right|\\ \le \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left| f_x(t)\psi(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\psi(t-\frac{\pi}{N}))\right|\operatorname{d}t \le \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left| f_x(t)\psi(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\psi(t)+f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\psi(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\psi(t-\frac{\pi}{N}))\right|\operatorname{d}t \\ \le \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left| f_x(t)\psi(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\psi(t)\right|\operatorname{d}t+ \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left|f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\psi(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\psi(t-\frac{\pi}{N}))\right|\operatorname{d}t \\ \le \frac{\|\psi\|_\infty}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left| f_x(t)-f_x(t-\frac{\pi}{N})\right|\operatorname{d}t+ \frac{\|f\|_\infty}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left|\psi(t)-\psi(t-\frac{\pi}{N}))\right|\operatorname{d}t \\ \le \frac{\|\psi\|_\infty}{2} \omega_{f,1}(\frac{\pi}{N})+ \frac{\|f\|_\infty}{2} \omega_{\psi,1}(\frac{\pi}{N})$$ and since $f,\psi\in L^1([-\pi,\pi])$ $$\sup_{x\in[-\pi,\pi]}\left|\int_{[-\pi,\pi]\backslash [-\delta,\delta]} f_x(t)\psi(t)\sin(Nt)\frac{\operatorname{d}t}{2\pi}\right|\le\frac{1}{2\pi}\left(\frac{\|\psi\|_\infty}{2} \omega_{f,1}(\frac{\pi}{N})+ \frac{\|f\|_\infty}{2} \omega_{\psi,1}(\frac{\pi}{N})\right)\to 0, N\to+\infty.$$