For any finite simple graph $G$ which is 2-connected, given a path $P$ and a disjoint edge $e$, is it true that there is always a simple cycle containing $P$ and $e$?
If instead of an edge $e$, a vertex $v$ is specified with $v \notin V(P)$, then I believe the answer is yes by Menger's theorem.
No.
It is also not true of a path and a vertex. Pick the path specified above and one end of the edge specified above.