$f:\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}$ is a function with gradient $g(x)$ and Hessian $H(x)$.
My initial conditions are $(x_0, v_0)$. I would like to discretize this system of ODEs
$$
\begin{align}
\dot x(t) &= v(t) \\
\dot v(t) &= a(x(t), v(t)) && \text{where } \qquad a(t, x(t)) = - \frac{v(t)^\top H(x(t)) v(t)}{||g(x(t))||} g(x(t))
\end{align}
$$
How can I do that? According to Wikipedia I could use the Leapfrog integrator, which would look like this
$$
\begin{align}
v_{t + \delta/2} &= v_t + \frac{\delta}{2} a(x_t, v_t) \\
x_{t + \delta} &= x_t + \frac{\delta}{2} v_{t+\delta/2} \\
v_{t + \delta} &= v_{t+\delta/2} + \frac{\delta}{2}a(x_{t+\delta}, v_{t+\delta})
\end{align}
$$
However it seems that the leapfrog can't be used for cases where the acceleration depends on the velocity? Is this true? In that case, what would a good scheme look like? In the notes I am reading they use
$$
\begin{align}
x_{t+\delta/2} &= x_t + \frac{\delta}{2} v_t \\
v_{t+\delta} &= v_t + \delta a(x_{t+\delta/2}, v_t) \\
x_{t+\delta} &= x_{t+\delta/2} + \frac{\delta}{2}v_{t+\delta/2}
\end{align}
$$
2026-03-25 18:58:41.1774465121
Integrate ODE with Leapfrog
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