I am confused if the statement "$p$ implies $q$" logically equivalent to the statement "$p$ implies only $q$"?
Assuming that the two said statement is logically equivalent, then the truth value of the statement ...
"If $a^2=b$ and $b>0$, then $a=\sqrt{b}$."
... is false. Since a can be equal to $a=\sqrt{b}$ OR $a=-\sqrt{b}$, not only $a=\sqrt{b}$.
$$a^2=b>0\implies a=\sqrt b$$ is a false statement, full stop.
$$a^2=b>0\implies a=\sqrt b\lor a=-\sqrt b$$
is a true statement, full stop.
You never assume that "there could be other predicates but they are missing" or anything of this kind. If you want to express that "$a=\text{only}\sqrt b$" with the ulterior motive that "$a=-\sqrt b$" could have been possible, you write $a=\sqrt b$, and there is no need to mention $a\ne-\sqrt b$.