To define a group $(G,\cdot)$ one can use the requirements:
- Closure
- Associativity
- A (two-sided) identity element such that $g\cdot e = e\cdot g = g$
- A (two-sided) inverse for each g such that $g\cdot g^{-1} = g^{-1}\cdot g = e$
We were discussing the necessity of associativity when requiring two-sided identity and inverses. I did not manage to proof associativity assuming 1, 3 and 4, but could not find a counterexample that satisfies 1, 3 and 4, while not satisfying 2. So hence the question:
Is there a non-associative multiplicative closed set, with two-sided inverses and a two-sided identity?
Octonionic multiplication is neither commutative:
$$ e_{i}e_{j}=-e_{j}e_{i}\neq e_{j}e_{i}\ $$ if $i , j$ are distinct and non-zero,
nor associative:
$$ (e_{i}e_{j})e_{k}=-e_{i}(e_{j}e_{k})\neq e_{i}(e_{j}e_{k}) $$ if $i , j , k$ are distinct, non-zero and $e_i e_j ≠ ± e_k$ .
The existence of a norm on $O$ implies the existence of inverses for every nonzero element of $O$. The inverse of $x ≠ 0$ is given by
$$x^{-1}={\frac {x^{*}}{\|x\|^{2}}}.$$
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion