Let $f:[a,b]\to\Bbb{R}$ be a bounded function which is continuous except at a point $x_0\in [a,b]$. Then, $f$ is Riemann integrable over $[a,b]$.
My Proof
Consider the restriction
\begin{align} g:[a&,b]\backslash\{x_0\}\to\Bbb{R} \\ &x\mapsto g(x)=f(x) \end{align} Since $f$ is bounded, then $g$ is also bounded on $[a,b]$. So, there exists $K\geq 0,$ such that $|g(x)|\leq |f(x)|\leq K,\;\;[a,b].$ Since $\;g:[a,b]\backslash\{x_0\}\to\Bbb{R}$ is continuous and bounded where $x_0\in [a,b]$, then $g$ is Riemann integrable over $[a,b]\backslash\{x_0\}$.
As a result, there exists partition $P$ of $[a,b]$ such that \begin{align} \| P \| <\dfrac{\epsilon}{8K},\;\;U(g,P)<\int^{b}_{a}g(x)dx+\dfrac{\epsilon}{2}\;\;\text{and}\;\;L(g,P)>\int^{b}_{a}g(x)dx-\dfrac{\epsilon}{2}.\end{align} Let $P_0=\{x_0\}\cup P:=\{t_0,t_1,\cdots ,t_n\},\;\;A=\{j:[t_{j-1},t_{j}]\cap \{x_0\}\neq \phi\}\;\;\text{and}\;\;$ \begin{align} B=\{j:[t_{j-1},t_{j}]\cap \{x_0\}= \phi\}.\end{align} The set $\{x_0\}$ can only be in at most two subintervals, and so, \begin{align}U(f,P_0)&=\sum_{j\in A}M_j(f)\Delta x_j+\sum_{j\in B}M_j(f)\Delta x_j\\&=\sum_{j\in A}[M_j(f)-M_j(g)]\Delta x_j+U(g,P_0)\\&\leq 2K\sum_{j\in A}\Delta x_j+U(g,P_0)\\&\leq 2K\| P \|+U(g,P) \\&<\int^{b}_{a}g(x)dx+\epsilon\end{align} Lower Darboux sums follow in a similar way. Hence, we have that
\begin{align} \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx=\int^{b}_{a}g(x)dx.\end{align} Question: Is this proof correct? If no, what did I do wrong? You can also provide me a better proof.
You don't need to introduce $g$. Without any loss of generality one can assume $x_0$ to be an end point of $[a, b] $ say $x_0=a$. Consider $c=a+(\epsilon/4K)$ and then $f$ is uniformly continuous on $[c, b] $ and hence we have $\delta>0$ such that $$|f(x) - f(y) |<\frac{\epsilon} {2(b-a)} $$ whenever $x, y\in[c, b] $ with $|x-y|<\delta$. Let $P'$ be a partition of $[c, b] $ with norm $||P'||<\delta$ and let $P=\{a\}\cup P'$. Then we have $$U(P, f) - L(P, f) <2K\cdot\frac{\epsilon} {4K}+U(P',f)-L(P',f)<\epsilon $$ and we are done.