Consider the fractional integro-derivative
$\displaystyle\frac{d^{\beta}}{dx^\beta}\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=FP\frac{1}{2\pi i}\displaystyle\oint_{|z-x|=|x|}\frac{z^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}\frac{\beta!}{(z-x)^{\beta+1}}dz=FP\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x}\frac{z^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}\frac{(x-z)^{-\beta-1}}{(-\beta-1)!} dz$
$= \displaystyle\frac{x^{\alpha-\beta}}{(\alpha-\beta)!}$
where FP denotes a Hadamard-type finite part, $x>0$, and $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are real.
Identify Lie group elements and multiplication as
$\displaystyle(\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!},\frac{x^{\beta}}{\beta!})=FP \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{z^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}\frac{d}{dx}H(x-z)\frac{(x-z)^{\beta}}{\beta!}dz= \frac{x^{\alpha+\beta}}{(\alpha+\beta)!}$
with $H(x)$ as the Heaviside step function.
The complex contour integral gives a continuation of the multiplication rule to the identity element $\beta=0$, so assume taking its derivative w.r.t. $\beta$ at $\beta=0$ gives a convolutional “infinitesimal generator” $R$ leading to
$\displaystyle(1-\epsilon R)\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}-\epsilon\frac{1}{2\pi i}\displaystyle\oint_{|z-x|=|x|}\frac{-ln(z-x)+\lambda}{z-x}\frac{z^{\alpha}}{\alpha!} dz$ approximating $\frac{x^{\alpha+\epsilon }}{(\alpha+\epsilon)!}$ for small $\epsilon$ where $\lambda=d\beta!/d\beta|_{\beta=0}$.
Then, analogous to $(1+tA/n)^n$ tending to $exp(tA)$ as n tends to infinity, assume (letting $\alpha=0$ and $tA/n =-\beta R/n=-\epsilon R$)
$\displaystyle\frac{x^\beta}{\beta!} = exp(-\beta R) 1$.
Here $R^n$ represents repeated convolution initially acting on 1.
If this is true, then, equivalently, $R$ represents a raising operator for $\psi_{n}(x)=(-1)^n \frac{d^n}{d\beta^n}\frac{x^\beta}{\beta!}|_{\beta=0}$; that is,
$\psi_{n+1}(x)=R\psi_{n}(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\displaystyle\oint_{|z-x|=|x|}\frac{-ln(z-x)+\lambda}{z-x}\psi_{n}(z) dz$.
Update: The contour can be collapsed to the real line to obtain
$\psi_{n+1}(x)=R\psi_{n}(x)=(-ln(x)+\lambda)\psi_{n}(x)+\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x}\frac{\psi_{n}\left ( x\right )-\psi_n(u)}{x-u}du$.
I have basically two questions about the validity of these relations: A) Can the Lie group argument be made rigorous, and if so, how? B) Can anyone provide a proof of the raising operation independent of group theoretic arguments?
Any history on these relations would be appreciated also.
PS: By considering the limit of $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}[\frac{(-1+a)!}{(z-x)^a}+\frac{(-1-a)!}{(z-x)^{-a}}]$
as $a$ tends to zero, using $\displaystyle\frac{sin(\pi u)}{\pi u}=\frac{1}{u!(-u)!}$, you can show that
$I_x=[R,x]=Rx-xR$ is the raising operator for $\displaystyle\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}$ ; i.e.,
$\displaystyle I_x\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\displaystyle\oint_{|z-x|=|x|}(-ln(z-x)+\lambda)\frac{z^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}dz=\frac{x^{\alpha+1}}{(\alpha+1)!}$.
So, $\displaystyle\frac{x^\beta}{\beta!} = \frac{1}{1+I_{\beta}R} 1$ also, eliminating all factorials, for $\beta>0$.
Confirming that $R$ can be exponentiated to give the general fractional integro-derivative:
With $\bigtriangledown^{s}_{n}c_n=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^n \binom{s}{n}c_n,$
$$\displaystyle\frac{d^{-\beta}}{dx^{-\beta}}\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\left (1-\left (1-\frac{d^{-1}}{dx^{-1}}\right ) \right )^{\beta}\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}$$ $$=\bigtriangledown^{\beta}_{n} \bigtriangledown^{n}_{j}\frac{d^{-j}}{dx^{-j}} \frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\bigtriangledown^{\beta}_{n} \bigtriangledown^{n}_{j} \frac{x^{j+\alpha}}{(j+\alpha)!}=\frac{x^{\alpha+\beta}}{(\alpha+\beta)!},$$
implying $$-R\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\frac{d}{d\beta}\frac{x^{\alpha+\beta}}{(\alpha+\beta)!}|_{\beta=0}=\ln\left (1-\left (1-\frac{d^{-1}}{dx^{-1}}\right ) \right )\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}$$
$$=-\sum_{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{\bigtriangledown^{n}_{j}\frac{x^{j+\alpha}}{(j+\alpha)!}}{n}=\ln\left ( \frac{d^{-1}}{dx^{-1}}\right )\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\ln\left [R,x\right ]\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}.$$
Then considering the first line in each set of equations, exponentiating gives
$$\displaystyle\exp(-\beta R)=\left (1-\left (1-\frac{d^{-1}}{dx^{-1}}\right ) \right )^{\beta}=\frac{d^{-\beta}}{dx^{-\beta}}.$$
(Edit 2/22/21: See also discussion in this MO-Q.)
Aside: Evaluating the complex contour integral as a Fourier transform on the circle of radius $x$ from $\theta=-\pi$ to $\pi$ confirms
$\displaystyle R\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\left \{ [-\ln\left ( x\right )+ \lambda]\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!} +\int_{0}^{x}\frac{\frac{x^\alpha}{\alpha!}-\frac{u^\alpha}{\alpha!}}{x-u}du \right \}=\left \{ -\ln\left ( x\right )+ \lambda +\int_{0}^{1}\frac{1-u^\alpha}{1-u}du \right \}\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\left \{ -\ln\left ( x\right )+ \lambda +H_{\alpha}\right \}\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}=\frac{d}{d\beta}\frac{x^{\alpha-\beta}}{(\alpha-\beta)!}|_{\beta=0},$ which agrees with an integral expression for the digamma function and connects the operator with combinatorics of the generalized harmonic numbers $H_{\alpha}$.
Edit May 2015:
This is also consistent with the Pincherle derivative with $x$ as the raising operator and $D=\frac{d}{dx}$ as the lowering operator for the monomials $x^n$, noting
$$[R,x] = \frac{d\ln(D)}{dD} = D^{-1} \; .$$