I am following Gelfand's "Lectures on Linear Algebra". On the 4th page there is given a definition of a vector space being n-dimensional:
A vector space R is said to be n-dimensional if it contains $n$ linearly independent vectors and if any n+1 vectors in R are linearly dependent.
After that the author wants to show that $n$-tuples of real numbers make an $n$-dimensional vector space.
This space contains $n$ linearly independent vectors. For instance, the vectors
$ x_1 = (1, 0, 0, ..., 0)$
$ x_2 = (0, 1, 0, ..., 0)$
...
$ x_n = (0, 0, 0, ..., 1)$
are easily seen to be linearly independent. On the other hand, any $m$ vectors, $m>n$, are linearly dependent. Indeed, let
$ y_1 = (z_{11}, z_{12}, ... z_{1n})$
$y_2 = (z_{21}, z_{22}, ... z_{2n})$
...
$y_m = (z_{m1}, z_{m2}, ... z_{mn})$
be $m$ vectors, $m > n$. The number of linearly independent rows in the matrix
$ z_{11}, z_{12}, ... z_{1n}$
$z_{21}, z_{22}, ... z_{2n}$
...
$z_{m1}, z_{m2}, ... z_{mn}$
cannot exceed $n$ (the number of columns). Since $m > n$, our $m$ rows are linearly dependent. But this implies the linear dependence of the vectors $y_1, y_2, ..., y_m$.
Thus the dimension of R is $n$.
I have an issue with the line "the number of linearly independent rows in the matrix cannot exceed the number of columns". The book treats this statement as an obvious one, but for me it looks like a tautology. I understand the rest of the argument though.
My question is how to prove this statement rigorously, using only basic definitions of linear independence and $n$-dimensionality given in the textbook.
P.S.: sorry for poor formatting, I am a newbie to LaTeX.
Let $p(n)$ be the statement "Any $n+1$ rows of $n$-tuples are linearly dependent."
$p(1)$ is straight forward to prove.
I will show $p(n) \rightarrow p(n+1)$.
Fix $n+2$ rows of $(n+1)$-tuples. Name the rows $X_1, … , X_{n+2}$
If we strike the last column and last row, we will have $n+1$ rows of $n$ tuples and then we can use $p(n)$ to get a linear combination $a_1 \hat X_1 + … + a_{n+1} \hat X_{n+1} = 0$ where $a_i$ not all $0$, and the hats mean that the last entry has been truncated from each tuple.
$Y = a_1 X_1 + … + a_{n+1} X_{n+1}$ is a row of all zeros, except for possibly the last entry. If the last entry of $Y =0$, then the sequence of coefficients $(a_1, …, a_{n+1}, 0)$ is a witness to the linear dependence of $X_1, …, X_{n+2}$ and we are done.
Or else divide $Y$ by its last entry to get a tuple $(0, 0,…, 0, 1)$. You can see that if we chose to strike a different column, we could have chosen the $1$ to appear in any entry. But now we are also done because these $Y$'s that we have created can be used to create a linear dependence with the last $(n+2)^{th}$ row.