Mathematical duality of controllability and observability

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It is well known that controllability and observability are mathematical duals. So my question is, can algorithms that are proposed to check controllability be used to check observability as well?

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Sure. But more precisely, reachability and observability are duals. So any algorithm that is designed to check reachability of $(A, B)$ can be used to check the observability of $(A,C)$ by just checking the reachability of $(A^T,C^T)$ and vice versa.