Name of approximation by linearly adding basis functions and its traits e.g. fourier transfer

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Questions

What is the name of the operation which approximates a continuous function by a linear combination of basis functions?

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What kind of traits do they have? Methods of function expansion mentions orthogonal bases/kernels from which I suppose each basis would be a orthogonal vector in a vector space. However, I am not sure if polynomial functions are orthogonal vectors.


Fourier transfer uses trigonometric functions $sin(\theta), cos(\theta)$.

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Bayesian regression uses gaussian.

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Gaussian process looks using covariance.

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Polynomial regression uses polynomial.

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