Define: $$\begin{align*} \varphi &:L^2[0,1] \to L^2[0,1], \\ &(\varphi f)(x)=\int_0^x f(t)dt. \end{align*}$$
Is it true that, if $B$ is a dense subset of $L^2[0,1]$, then $\varphi(B)$ is dense in $L^2[0,1]$?
Define: $$\begin{align*} \varphi &:L^2[0,1] \to L^2[0,1], \\ &(\varphi f)(x)=\int_0^x f(t)dt. \end{align*}$$
Is it true that, if $B$ is a dense subset of $L^2[0,1]$, then $\varphi(B)$ is dense in $L^2[0,1]$?
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The range of the Volterra operator consists of all absolutely continuous functions vanishing at $0$. These are $L^2$-dense.
This also implies the (seemingly) stronger statement you gave.