As is shown in this question kernel pca eigenproblem and many other refernce materials about kernel PCA. They all point out that the solution of $K^2a_j=\lambda_jnKa_j$ and $Ka_j=\lambda_jna_j$ only differ by eigenvectors with $0$ eigenvalue, where $K$ is the Gram matrix of $\phi(x_1),\phi(x_2),\cdots,\phi(x_n).$ However, I can't clearly see this conclusion and what it means.
2026-03-25 20:35:32.1774470932
Question about a linear algebra detail of Kernel PCA
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