I've heard of continued fractions, like
$$a=\cfrac{b}{c+\cfrac{d}{e+\cfrac{f}{g+...}}}$$
usually written like:
$$a+\frac{b}{c+}\frac{d}{e+}\frac{f}{g+...}$$
(in my opinion, it's pure genius!) I've heard of some simple ones like:
$$\sqrt 2=\frac{1}{1+}\frac{1}{1+}\frac{1}{1+}\frac{1}{1+}\frac{1}{1+}\frac{1}{1+}\frac{1}{1+...}$$
my question is, is there any way to make rational numbers like $\frac{x}{y}$ into continued fractions that terminate?
Yes, all rational numbers have terminating continued fractions even when you require that all the numerators be $1$. Wikipedia shows how to compute it and that there are exactly two representations. It should be clear that any finite continued fraction is rational-just unpack it and use the closure of the rationals under addition and multiplication.