Related to permutations and combination, what is the name of this formula?

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I have 3 options, each option has 2 possible value (binary). I'm trying to figure out how many possible variations there are...

https://imgur.com/a/7MMh0Tw

Is there a name for this formula?

I realize the formula itself is just 2^3, but I'm hoping to find the theory behind why it is.