I'm trying to understand how Terry Tao got to the last inequality in this blog post. Here is my attempt If we exclude the trivial character, then we have $$ |G|-1 = \sum_{\chi\in\hat{G}\backslash 1}{\chi(1)^2} $$ Then using Cauchy-Schwarz and a previous result $$ \sum_{\chi\in\hat{G}\backslash 1}{\chi(1)^2} \geq \frac{1}{|\hat{G}|-1}\left(\sum_{\chi\in\hat{G}\backslash 1}{\chi(1)}\right)^2 \geq \frac{1}{|\hat{G}|-1}\left(\frac{|G|}{n}\right)^2 $$ Thus, $$ |\hat{G}|-1 \geq \frac{1}{|G|-1}\left(\frac{|G|}{n}\right)^2 $$ But the inequality I want is $$ \frac{|G|-1}{n^2}\leq |\hat{G}|-1 $$ How can I arrive at this result?
2026-03-24 23:48:11.1774396091
Understanding Terry Tao's proof of the Brauer-Fowler theorem
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$$ |\hat{G}|-1 \geq \frac{1}{|G|-1}\left(\frac{|G|}{n}\right)^2\implies\frac{|G|^2}{n^2\left(|G|-1\right)}\le|\hat G|-1$$
But
$$\frac{|G|^2}{n^2\left(|G|-1\right)}\ge\frac{|G|-1}{n^2}\iff|G|^2\ge(|G|-1)^2$$