Comments
I initially posed the problem statement incorrectly. The problem statement has been altered.
Problem Statement:
By $\delta$ I denote the Dirac delta function. By $\frac{df}{d\phi} : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ I denote a function defined by $$\frac{df}{d\phi} = \sin(\theta+\beta)\, \delta(\phi-\theta-\beta),$$ which is valid for $\phi \in [0, \pi]$, $\theta \in [0, \pi]$ and $\beta \in [0, 2\,\pi)$. Find a function $f$ that satisfies the equation above?
Solution:
Let $f$ be a function $f : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ defined by $$f(\phi) = H(\phi-\theta-\beta)\,\sin(\theta+\beta) + K,$$ which is valid for $\phi \in [0,\pi]$, $\phi \in [0,\pi]$, and $\beta \in [0,2\pi]$. I assert that $f$ satisfies the equation $\frac{df}{d\phi} = \sin(\theta+\beta)\, \delta(\phi-\theta-\beta)$.
Demonstration
To prove this, I'm simply going to the derivative of my solution.
\begin{align} \dfrac{d}{d\phi}[f(\phi)] &= \dfrac{d}{d\phi}[H(\phi-\theta-\beta)\,\sin(\theta+\beta) + K] \\ &= \dfrac{d}{d\phi}[H(\phi-\theta-\beta)\,\sin(\theta+\beta)] \\ &= \sin(\theta+\beta)\,\dfrac{d}{d\phi}[H(\phi-\theta-\beta)] \\ &= \sin(\theta+\beta)\,\delta(\phi-\theta-\beta)\dfrac{d}{d\phi}[\phi-\theta-\beta] \\ &= \sin(\theta+\beta)\,\delta(\phi-\theta-\beta) \end{align}
It appears my answer is correct. Post closed