What does n times a generator of a cyclic group mean?

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It seems to be saying that, for some integer deg(f) it sends the generator i to deg(f) times the generator, but I can only see it making sense if it sends it to the generator^deg(f)

What does it mean here to send i to deg(f)i ?

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Since the group is abelian, you write we denote the group operation by $+$ and the $n$ fold application of the operation with multiplication. In particular, we have $\langle \alpha\rangle=\mathbb Z= \pi_1(S_1,1)$ so that every element can be written as $\alpha+\dots +\alpha=n\cdot \alpha$.