tl;dr
What would be the equivalent of Givens Rotations for unit quaternions?
Or, equivalently:
How do I extract an intrinsic rotation from a unit quaternion using only elementary operations? That is, arithmetic, integer power and square root operators, but not trigonometry or transcendental functions.
Background:
I want to remove the influence of an intrinsic rotation from a quaternion. Because of computational constraints, I only want to use basic arithmetic, integer power (e.g. square) and square-root operators. If I could use trigonometry operators, then wikipedia or this question tells me everything I need to know.
That is, given a quaternion $\mathbf{q}$, I want to calculate $\mathbf{b} = \begin{bmatrix} b_w & b_x & b_y & b_z \end{bmatrix}$, $c_\theta$ and $s_\theta$ from: $$ \mathbf{q} = \begin{bmatrix} c_\theta \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ s_ \theta\end{bmatrix} \otimes \begin{bmatrix} b_w \\ b_x \\ b_y \\ b_z \end{bmatrix} $$ where $\mathbf{b}$ is calculated from the remaining two intrinsic rotations, the order of which are not important to this problem.
Using rotation matrices, the process is easy enough using Givens Rotations:
Given: $$ \begin{bmatrix} c & -s & 0 \\ s & c & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} R_{11} & R_{12} & R_{13} \\ R_{21} & R_{22} & R_{23} \\ R_{31} & R_{32} & R_{33} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} M_{11} & M_{12} & M_{13} \\ 0 & M_{22} & M_{23} \\ M_{31} & M_{32} & M_{33} \end{bmatrix}$$
then $c$, $s$, and $M_{11}$ are easily solvable as: $$ \begin{align} M_{11} = \sqrt{R_{11}^2 + R_{21}^2} \\ c = \frac{ R_{11}}{M_{11}} \\ s = \frac{-R_{21}}{M_{11}} \end{align} $$
From this, determining the remaining elements of $\mathbf{M}$ is straightforward.
Is there an equivalent "Givens Rotation" operation for quaternions?