What is the oldest math source that we know of?

Question

What is the oldest math source that we know of? Or to put it differently, what is the first math that was ever done?

Answer 1

The Ishango bone is one candidate. Of course it may depend on how you define "math".

Answer 2

The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus is nearly 4,000 years old. It is much newer than the Ishango bone, but is unquestionably mathematical. The Berlin Papyrus 6619 may be slightly older.

There are also a large number of extant Babylonian clay tablets of about the same age or possibly a little older.

Wikipedia has a timeline of mathematics whose early part may be interesting.

Answer 3

Euclid's Elements is worth mentioning as one of the oldest sources of math that approximately reflects how many areas of mathematics is done today, that is, start with axioms, and derive theorems. It's probably the among the oldest things that sort-of resembles a modern textbook. Euclid even left "exercises for the reader".