$ a^b = c $
is it possible to express b without logarithms?
Not without more information, since finding $b$ in this case is what logarithms are. Maybe in some special cases something can be said.
If $e^b=c$, then $b=\ln c$. Is it possible to express $\ln c$ without logarithms? Not unless you have a peculiar definition of "without"...
It is possible, certainly not the most practical though.
$5^{3x}=\dfrac{1}{125}$
$5^{3x}=\dfrac{1}{5^3}$
$5^{3x}=5^{-3}$
$3x=-3$
$\dfrac{3x}{3}=\dfrac{-3}{3}$
$\boxed{x=-1}$
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Not without more information, since finding $b$ in this case is what logarithms are. Maybe in some special cases something can be said.