It's well-known that Diophantus had written ”Diophantus“ which contains many problems about solving arithmetic equations. I wonder whether all of them has been solved using modern techniques, as some of them are counting rational points on higher genus curves..
For example in problem $17$ of book $VI$, Diophantus poses a problem which comes down to finding positive rational solutions to $y^2 = x^6 + x^2 + 1$, which is of genus $2$, and it is solved using Chabauty-Coleman method as in Joseph Loebach Wetherell's PHD thesis in $1998$. Is there any more difficult and unsolved problem?
The simple answer is that Diophantus solved all of his problems himself: There are no unsolved problems in his books.
The equation you mention does not show up in Diophantus. Diophantus has to solve the equation $x^8 + x^4 + x^2 = z^2$; setting $z = x^4 + \frac12$ immediately gives you $x = \frac12$, and then he is done.
Of course we can nowadays ask whether the equation has other rational solutions, and we might even want to determine them all. Setting $z = xy$ and cancelling $x^2$ we arrive at $y^2 = x^6 + x^2 + 1$. From a historical point of view, Wetherell has asked a question not in Diophantus (but motivated by one of his problems) and has given an answer.
Of course the answer to the question whether all problems that are motivated by Diophantus have been solved is negative.
[edit: fix typos]