Asymptotic to a sequence of algebraic numbers.

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Let $f(n)$ be the largest real solution of

$$x^n - x^{n-1} = 1 $$

As $n$ grows to positive infinity we get the asymptotic :

$$ f(n) = 1 + \frac{\ln(n)}{n} + \frac{\exp(2)}{n^2} + ...$$

Where the value $\exp(2)$ is optimal !

( and $...$ means smaller term(s) )

Notice $f(2)$ is the golden mean.

How to show this asymptotic ?


Edit

Corrected the formula.

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0
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A rough outline.

The first few terms in the asymptotic are

$$ f(n) = 1 + \frac{W(n)}{n} + \frac{W(n)^2}{2n^2} + \cdots, $$

where $W$ is the Lambert-W function, so the stated asymptotic is incorrect.

First show that, with $x = 1 + \frac{W(n)}{n} + \frac{z}{n}$, where $z = O(1)$, we have

$$ x^n - x^{n-1} - 1 \to e^z - 1 $$

uniformly as $n \to \infty$. Conclude by Hurwitz's theorem that

$$ f(n) = 1 + \frac{W(n)}{n} + \frac{\epsilon_n}{n} $$

with $\epsilon_n \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$. Substitute this into the equation

$$ f(n)^n - f(n)^{n-1}-1 = 0 $$

and apply asymptotic simplifications to conclude that $\epsilon_n \sim W(n)^2/(2n)$ as $n \to \infty$.

20
On

Let $f(n)=1+\epsilon(n)$. Then, $f^n(n)-f^{n-1}(n)=1$ becomes

$$(n-1)\log(1+\epsilon(n))+\log(\epsilon(n))=0$$

As $n\to \infty$, $\epsilon(n)\to 0$. Hence, we have

$$(n-1)\epsilon(n)+O(n\epsilon^2(n))+\log(\epsilon(n))=0 \tag 1$$

We can write $(1)$ equivalently as

$$(n-1)\epsilon(n)e^{(n-1)\epsilon(n)}=(n-1)e^{O(n\epsilon^2(n))}\tag 2$$

which using Lambert's W function is given by

$$\epsilon(n)=\frac{1}{n-1}W\left((n-1)e^{O(n\epsilon^2(n))}\right)\tag 3$$

Using the first term in the large argument asymptotic expansion of $W$ yields

$$\begin{align} \epsilon(n)&\sim \frac{1}{n-1}\log((n-1)e^{O(n\epsilon^2(n))})\\\\ &\sim\frac{\log(n-1)}{n-1}\\\\ &\sim\frac{\log(n)}{n} \end{align}$$

Hence, we find that the first two terms in the expansion of $f(n)$ for large $n$ is given by

$$\bbox[5px,border:2px solid #C0A000]{f(n)\sim 1+\frac{\log(n)}{n}}$$

And we are done!