As the title suggests, I'm interested to see if there is a closed form solution to
\begin{equation}\label{q} \sum_{j=0}^{n} {n \choose j}^{2}x^{j}~. \end{equation}
This can be seen as a generalisation of
$$\sum_{j=0}^{n} {n \choose j}^{2} = {2n \choose n}~,$$
where $x=1$ in the title question.
For $n \in \mathbb{Z}^+$,
$$\sum\limits_{j=0}^n {n \choose j}^2 x^j = (1-x)^n P_n\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)$$
where $P_n( \cdot )$ is the Legendre polynomial.