Note that something like $ax$ you get only in one way: if you choose $x$ from one of eight parentheses and $-3$ from the other, so this coefficient is $\displaystyle 8 \cdot (-3)^7 $.
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By the binomial theorem $$(2x^2+(x-3))^8=\sum_{k=0}^8{8\choose k}2^{8-k}x^{16-2k}(x-3)^{k}$$
for $k<8$ term power of $x$ is bigger than $1$,so $k=8$ than it simplifies to find coefficient of $x$ in $(x-3)^8$ which is $8\cdot(-3)^7=-17496$
$$(2x^2+(x-3))^8=a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+a_3x^3\cdots$$
$$\frac{d}{dx}(2x^2+(x-3))^8=0+a_1+a_22x+a_33x^2\cdots$$
$$\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{d}{dx}(2x^2+(x-3))^8=a_1$$
$$-17496=a_1$$