I am curious as to how the original log tables were generated. How did they determine that log base 10 of 7 were approximately 0.845...
I've seen various hand calculations of square roots and sine and come up with my own and I have found they help me understand the nature of those functions. I was wondering if I could strength my intuitions of logs beyond the simple notion of what exponent raises the number to the correct value.
Here's one simple solution using bisection:
Assume that it is known how to calculate $b^x$ for any $x$, or at least for any rational $x$. Then, note that:
$$10^0<7<10^1$$
Thus, we know that $\log_{10}(7)$ is between $0$ and $1$. We can also calculate $10^{1/2}$ and we know that
$$10^{1/2}<7<10^1$$
We then "bisect" the interval $[1/2,1]$ and find that
$$10^{3/4}<7<10^1$$
And again:
$$10^{3/4}<7<10^{7/8}\\10^{13/16}<7<10^{7/8}$$
etc.