The question is from a physics problems book,
A particle of mass $m$ moves in a potential energy function given by $$U=\frac{kx}{(x+x_{0})^2}$$ where $x$ denotes the position and $x_0$ is a constant.
- What is the stable equilibrium position of the particle?
- What will be the time period of small oscillations about this mean position?
The first part is easy. The answer to the first part is
$$x=x_0 $$
for stable equilibrium.
The solution is by first differentiating the potential energy function and setting it to zero. We obtain two answers $x_0$ and $-x_0$.
$-x_0$ is rejected as a solution since it is in unstable equilibrium.
The second part of the question is baffling me.
I am unable to prove that the particle will perform SHM for small oscillations around $x=x_0$ even by using approximations.
To prove that a particle performs SHM we can proceed by two cases, both conditions are sufficient by them self.
Potential Energy $U$ should be of the form $U=Ax^2+Bx$ where $A>0$
Force on the particle should be of the form $F=Px+Q$ where $P<0$
Note that force and potential energy are related by $F=-\frac{dU}{dx}$
So what is my mathematical question?
Can you show that the expression $U=\frac{kx}{(x+x_{0})^2}$ reduces to the two cases above by using the fact that the particle is performing small oscillations around the point $x=x_0$?
I think that some mathematical approximations will be needed to simplify the expression.
I graphed the function on Desmos and what I saw was this. By adjusting the sliders you can see that the graph has a infinite well or infinite peak. I don't think any particle can perform SHM in such a potential energy distribution. Usually for SHM the potential energy distribution is of a form where there is a finite well in the graph like this.
The answer given in the book is
$$T=2\pi\sqrt{\frac{2mx_{0}^3}{k}}$$
$$F=\frac{d}{dx}\Big(\frac{kx}{(x+x_0)^2}\Big)=\frac{-kx+kx_0}{(x+x_0)^3}=0$$ .: $$x=x_0$$ So, $$a=\frac{-kx+kx_0}{m(x+x_0)^3}$$ At $x=x_0$$$x+x_0\approx 2x_0$$and$$x =x_0+\delta x$$.:$$a=-\frac{k}{m(2x_0)^3}\delta x$$