Given the following picture, how do I find $\angle CDA$?
Attempt:
I have found the following angles, which I think may be useful:
$$
\angle BAC = \arctan(3),\quad
\angle ABC = \arctan(2),\quad
\angle BCA = \arctan(1).
$$
But I don't know how to go on.

Assuming the points are at the exact grid points where it looks like they are, the line $AD$ is orthogonal to $BC$. The line $BC$ goes $2$ units down for each unit we go to the right, and if we turn that $90^\circ$, we get a line which goes $1$ unit up for every $2$ units to the right. That's what $AD$ does.