Fourier-like expansion of a closed curve in 2D

Question

Fourier expansion can be used to represent any periodic function in one variable.

Closed surfaces in 3D can be built out of spherical harmonics.

Is there a similar expansion to represent a curve of any shape, like the following one?

Answer 1

As lurscher suggests in a comment, in the case of a closed curve, one could consider a periodic parametrization of the curve

$${\bf f}(\theta)~=~{\bf f}(\theta+2\pi)~\in~\mathbb{R}^2, \qquad {\bf f}(\theta)~=~(x(\theta),y(\theta)). \tag{1}$$

Then define Fourier coefficients in the standard way

$$ {\bf c}_n({\bf f})~:=~ \int_0^{2\pi} \frac{{\rm d}\theta}{2\pi} e^{-in\theta}~{\bf f}(\theta). \tag{2}$$

[The Fourier coefficients ${\bf c}_n({\bf f})$ are well-defined if the coordinate functions $x,y$ are Lebesgue integrable $x,y\in{\cal L}^1(\mathbb{R}/2\pi\mathbb{Z}).$] The Fourier series for ${\bf f}$ is vector-valued

$$\sum_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}{\bf c}_n({\bf f}) ~e^{in\theta}.\tag{3}$$

A similar approached works also for a closed curve in higher dimensions. In the 2 dimensional case, one may identify the plane $\mathbb{R}^2\cong \mathbb{C}$ with the complex plane, as Greg P, Mark Eichenlaub, and J.M. point out.