Let $G$ be the galois group $Gal(K/\mathbb{Q})$ and $f(x)$ a monic irreducible cubic over $\mathbb{Q}[x]$. I'm having trouble understanding the relationship to $S_3, A_3$ with this galois group from reading other posts. In particular, to show that
(a) $o(G) =3$ if and only if $G$ as a subgroup of $S_3$ is $A_3$.
(b) $G = A_3$ if and only if the discriminant is a square in $\mathbb{Q}^\times$
For the first part, I think $G = \{id, \sigma, \sigma^2\}$. I'm not sure how the discriminant is related, except for that if the discriminant is positive then $f$ has all real roots.
Lastly, is it possible to find an irreducible cubic in $\mathbb{Q}[x]$ whose galois group over $\mathbb{Q}$ is $S_3$ while having all real roots?
If $x_1,x_2,x_3$ are the zeroes of $f$ then the discriminant $D=\delta^2$ where $$\delta=(x_1-x_2)(x_1-x_3)(x_2-x_3).$$ Note the $\delta\ne0$ Swapping two of the $x_i$s maps $\delta$ to $-\delta$. For instance swapping $x_1$ and $x_3$ gives $$(x_3-x_2)(x_3-x_1)(x_2-x_1)=-\delta.$$ On the other hand permuting the $x_i$ in a cycle takes $\delta$ to itself.
Each element of the Galois group $G$ permutes the $x_i$ and so takes $\delta$ to $\pm\delta$. By the Galois correspondence $\delta\in\Bbb Q$ iff $\tau(\delta)=\delta$ for all $\tau\in G$. This is the case iff $G\le A_3$. On the other hand $\delta\in\Bbb Q$ iff $D=\delta^2$ is a square in $\Bbb Q$. So the discriminant is a square iff $G\le A_3$. But as $f$ is irreducible, $|G|\ge3$ and so either $G=S_3$ or $G=A_3$.
There are cubics with three real roots and Galois group $S_3$. Just try a few real-rooted cubics; after very few attempts (probably one) you'll find one.