I'm not a native English speaker. A quick Google search revealed the symbol's name is apostrophe, just like in French. When used in a mathematical setting, I usually call it prime, so for instance $f'$ I'll read $f$ prime. That's the way you call it in French, but I just realized I didn't actually know whether that was the way you call it.
Thank you!
It varies with the region.
"Prime" is how you pronounce it in American English. Here is a nice reference for American English pronounciations of math symbols; $f'$ is on the top of the second page.
"Dash" is how you pronounce it in British English: Here (search for dash).