How do you pronounce the symbol $'$ in $f'$?

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I'm not a native English speaker. A quick Google search revealed the symbol's name is apostrophe, just like in French. When used in a mathematical setting, I usually call it prime, so for instance $f'$ I'll read $f$ prime. That's the way you call it in French, but I just realized I didn't actually know whether that was the way you call it.

Thank you!

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It varies with the region.

"Prime" is how you pronounce it in American English. Here is a nice reference for American English pronounciations of math symbols; $f'$ is on the top of the second page.

"Dash" is how you pronounce it in British English: Here (search for dash).

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$f'\rightarrow$ f prime

$f^{\prime\prime}\rightarrow$ f bis

$f^{\prime\prime\prime}\rightarrow$ f tris

$f^{\prime\ \backprime\prime}\rightarrow$ f tetrakis

However most people do not know these words and just say double prime, triple prime etc.