How to compute the infinite sum given by a (fourier) series

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I hope I haven't overseen a thread to this question.

I really struggle with a part of an exercise we have to solve in my Analysis Lecture.

We have a Fourier Series given as:

$$\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^\infty \frac{2(-1)^{k+1}}{k} \sin(kx)$$

And we do have the beginning of a sum, that we are asked to calculate, given as:

$$\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{7}-\frac{1}{8}+...$$

So we looked for a value of $x$ and a prefactor that are fullfilling the sum. We ended up with this:

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^\infty \frac{2(-1)^{k+1}}{k} \sin \left(\frac{k \pi}{3} \right)$$

Now I come to the Main Question:

How can I compute an infinite sum? We have done a computation for $\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{k²} = \frac{\pi}{6}$ but I couldn't really understand the way our lecturer computed it. I guess the way to solve the sum is very similar to the series we computed in the lecture, though.

So I hope I can get some help here on this stackexchange. I only saw threads that asked for validation of their results, but sadly no further explanation.

Side questions:

  • Is the reult of a infinite series its limit?
  • Is the fourier series we made up correct to describe the sum?

Thanks in advance for everyone who takes the time to help.