How to deal with changing "number" of nodes in Adjacency Matrix

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I am new to algebraic graph theory and my question may be naive: Adjacency matrix (AM) captures well the connection space between nodes of a graph - connections can easily come and go, where new ones could be formed and existing ones easily removed within the AM. But what about vertices (nodes) coming and going (new nodes added to the graph or removed)? Is there a good theoretical treatment of this level of variation without needing to adjust the dimension of the AM?