Let $A$ and $B$ be étale $k$-algebras and consider the functor (from the category of étale algebras to the category of finite sets) defined by $F=\hom_k(\_,k_s)$, where $k_s$ is a fixed separable closure of $k$.
If $f:A\to B$ is a morphism which induces a bijection $F(f):F(B)\to F(A)$, I want to prove that $f$ is an isomorphism.
I know that if $A=\prod_i L_i$ is a (finite) product of (finite) separable field extensions, then $\hom_k(A,k_s)$ is in bijection with $\coprod_i \hom_k(L_i,k_s)$ but I don't know how that helps.
(If that helps anyone to search this in the future, this is axiom G6 in order to show that the opposite category of finite étale algebras is Galois.)
It seems you know the structure theorem for finite étale $k$-algebras, so you should see that it suffices to prove the claim for the case where $A$ and $B$ are finite separable field extensions of $k$. This is essentially just Galois theory.
Indeed, if $A$ is a finite separable field extension of $k$, then the number of $k$-algebra homomorphisms $A \to k_s$ is equal to the dimension of $A$ as a $k$-vector space. So if $f : A \to B$ is a $k$-algebra homomorphism of finite separable field extensions of $k$ such that $F (f)$ is a bijection, then the dimensions of $A$ and $B$ (as $k$-vector spaces) are equal; but $f : A \to B$ is an $k$-linear map with trivial kernel, so it must be an isomorphism.