I am looking for a result along the lines of the following statement: If $D$ is a triangulated category, and $E_i$ is a set of generators (every object can be obtained up to isomorphism by shifts and cones of objects in $E_i$), then $D$ is equivalent to $D(R)$, for $R = \operatorname{End}(\bigoplus E_i))$. I guess I want to assume also that $D$ is enriched in $k$-vector spaces, and each $Hom$ space is finite dimensional. (I am really thinking about $D^b(\operatorname{Coh}(P^n_k))$.)
I've heard something like this before, but I can't find a precise result. Can someone suggest a reference, or tell me what exactly is true?
If true, I think it is reasonable to send $R$ to $\bigoplus E_i$, and use the existence of a finite free resolution for $R$-mod to build a functor on other objects... but there are a lot of details here, and I could easily miss some crucial hypothesis...
Thanks!
In $D(R)$, $\operatorname{Hom}(R,R[t])=0$ for $t\neq0$, so you definitely need the condition that $\operatorname{Hom}(E_i,E_j[t])=0$ for $t\neq0$.
In my paper "Morita theory for derived categories" (J. London Math. Soc. (2) 39 (1989), no. 3, 436-456) I proved a result for derived categories of rings with a proof along the lines of the idea in your final paragraph, although that paper's very old, and there are much more elegant ways of doing it now. The proof doesn't work for arbitrary triangulated categories, but it can be adapted for $D^b(\operatorname{Coh}(P^n_k))$.
Key words you might like to search for are "tilting complex" or "tilting object".