Integral $\int_0^1 \log \Gamma(x)\cos (2\pi n x)\, dx=\frac{1}{4n}$

Question

$$ I:=\int_0^1 \log \Gamma(x)\cos (2\pi n x)\, dx=\frac{1}{4n}. $$ Thank you. The Gamma function is given by $\Gamma(n)=(n-1)!$ and its integral representation is $$ \Gamma(x)=\int_0^\infty t^{x-1} e^{-t}\, dt. $$ If we write the gamma function as an integral we end up with a more complicated double integral. And I am not too equipped with tools for dealing with gamma functions inside integrals.

We can possibly try $$ \Re\bigg[\int_0^1 \log \Gamma(x)e^{2\pi i n x}\, dx\bigg]=\frac{1}{4n}. $$ but I still do not where to go from here. Thanks.

Answer 1

$$\log\Gamma(x)=(\frac12-x)(\gamma+\log 2)+(1-x)\log\pi-\frac12\log\sin\pi x+\frac1\pi\sum^{\infty}_{k=1}\frac{\log k\sin (2\pi kx)}{k}$$

Exploiting the orthogonality of $\{\sin(2n \pi x),\cos(2n\pi x)\mid n\in\mathbb{Z}^+\}$ on $[0,1]$, we have

$$\begin{align*} I&=\int^1_0\log\Gamma(x)\cos(2n\pi x)dx\\ &=-\frac12\int^1_0\log(\sin(\pi x))\cos(2n\pi x)dx\\ &=-\frac1{4n\pi}\int^1_0\log(\sin(\pi x))d(\sin(2n\pi x))\\ &=\frac1{4n\pi}\int^1_0\sin(2n\pi x)d(\log(\sin(\pi x)))\\ &=\frac1{4n}\int^1_0\sin(2n\pi x)\cot(\pi x)dx\\ &=\frac1{4n}\int^1_0\frac{\sin(2n\pi x)}{\sin (\pi x)}\cos(\pi x)dx\\ &=\frac1{2n}\int^1_0\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}\cos((2k-1)\pi x)\right)\cos(\pi x)dx\\ &=\frac1{2n}\int^1_0\cos^2(\pi x)dx\\ &=\frac1{4n}. \end{align*}$$

Edit: $$\begin{align*} \int^1_0x\cos(2\pi n x)dx&=\frac12\left(\int^1_0x\cos(2\pi n x)dx+\int^1_0(1-x)\cos(2\pi n (1-x))dx\right)\\ &=\frac12\left(\int^1_0x\cos(2\pi n x)dx+\int^1_0(1-x)\cos(2\pi n x)dx\right)\\ &=\frac12\int^1_0\cos(2\pi n x)dx\\ &=0 \text{ for }n\in\mathbb{Z}^+. \end{align*}$$

Answer 2

$\newcommand{\+}{^{\dagger}} \newcommand{\angles}[1]{\left\langle\, #1 \,\right\rangle} \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\, #1 \,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\, #1 \,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\,\left\lceil\, #1 \,\right\rceil\,} \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}} \newcommand{\down}{\downarrow} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}} \newcommand{\floor}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,} \newcommand{\half}{{1 \over 2}} \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}} \newcommand{\iff}{\Longleftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\isdiv}{\,\left.\right\vert\,} \newcommand{\ket}[1]{\left\vert #1\right\rangle} \newcommand{\ol}[1]{\overline{#1}} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\, #1 \,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}} \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\vphantom{\large A}\,#2\,}\,} \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}} \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\ul}[1]{\underline{#1}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\, #1 \,\right\vert} \newcommand{\wt}[1]{\widetilde{#1}}$ $\ds{I \equiv \int_{0}^{1}\ln\pars{\Gamma\pars{x}}\cos\pars{2\pi n x}\,\dd x ={1 \over 4n}:\ {\large ?}}$

\begin{align} I&=\int_{0}^{1}\ln\pars{\pi \over \Gamma\pars{1 - x}\sin\pars{\pi x}} \cos\pars{2\pi n x}\,\dd x \\[5mm]&=\ln\pars{\pi}\ \overbrace{\int_{0}^{1}\cos\pars{2\pi nx}\,\dd x} ^{\ds{=\ \color{#c00000}{0}}}\ -\ \overbrace{% \int_{0}^{1}\ln\pars{\Gamma\pars{x}}\cos\pars{2\pi n\bracks{1 - x}}\,\dd x} ^{\ds{=\ \color{#c00000}{I}}} \\[5mm]&-{1 \over \pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}\ln\pars{\sin\pars{x}}\cos\pars{2nx}\,\dd x \end{align}

\begin{align} I&=-\,{1 \over 2\pi}\ \overbrace{\int_{0}^{\pi}\ln\pars{\sin\pars{x}}\cos\pars{2nx}\,\dd x} ^{\ds{-\,{\pi \over 2n}}} =\color{#00f}{\large{1 \over 4n}} \end{align}