We are given a principal ideal domain $R$ and an ideal of this domain, $I$. Is it true that every proper ideal of $\displaystyle\frac{R}{I}$ a principal ideal domain ?
I have proven that every proper ideal, say, $\overline{K}$ of $\displaystyle\frac{R}{I}$ is an ideal generated by an element of the $\displaystyle\frac{R}{I}$. Is it true that $\overline{K}$ is an integral domain ?
No, in general $K$ can have zero divisors, and it will not always have an identity.
For example: $\mathbb Z/12\mathbb Z$ and its ideal $6\mathbb Z/12\mathbb Z$ are examples for both.
$K$ will not have zero divisors if $I$ is prime, but in a PID this would mean that $I=\{0\}$ or else a maximal ideal, which are both pretty uninteresting cases.
The best you can say is, as you concluded, that $R/I$ is always a principal ideal ring.